Galen, a physician and philosopher born in AD 129 in the ancient city of Pergamon (present-day Bergama, Turkey), is often cited as one of the earliest contributors to the fields of occupational health and safety and toxicology. Son of a wealthy Greek architect, Aelius Nicon, Galen received a comprehensive education, which led to his illustrious … Read more

Introduction Pliny the Elder, a Roman naturalist, philosopher, and author, was one of the earliest figures to study the natural world and document his findings. Pliny is known for observing the toxic properties of lead oxide, sulfur dioxide, mercury sulfide, and for describing a rudimentary protective mask. In this article, we will explore Pliny’s observations … Read more

Introduction Hippocrates of Kos (c. 460 – c. 370 BC), often considered the “Father of Medicine,” was a highly influential Greek physician during the classical period. His significant contributions to medicine include the establishment of prognosis and clinical observation practices, disease classification, and the development of humoral theory. As the founder of the Hippocratic school … Read more